In today's article we will look at the principle of operation of the charger, which is used to recharge the battery of modern smartphones.
If you think that there is a regular or pulse transformer inside such a power supply, then this is not entirely true. In fact, hidden inside the plastic case is a rather interesting device - a flyback converter.
This device simultaneously has the properties of both a transformer and self-induction.
Unlike classic transformers, flyback converters are flexible and versatile in operation.
In particular, a phone charger is capable of stably keeping the output voltage at the same level, even if the input voltage in the mains fluctuates in the range of hundreds of volts.
For example, the voltage in the electrical network can “walk” within the range of 100-240 V, but the output voltage will always be 5 V.
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Can the charging socket be repaired?
Yes, this is quite possible, but it is better to entrust this work to a master. In service centers, after diagnosing and identifying the cause of the breakdown, you will be offered one of the repair methods:
- Recovery. It will cost about 1,800 rubles, depending on the phone model and the complexity of the work.
- Replacement. Replacing the socket with a new one will cost about 1000 rubles. excluding the cost of new parts.
If the gadget is under warranty, then it should be taken to the service center specified in the coupon, which must repair the smartphone during the entire warranty period.
Replacing a nest at home is difficult, but possible. All details are described in detail at the end of the article.
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High reliability circuit
In this case, the input voltage is rectified by using a diode bridge VD1, a capacitor C1 and a resistor with a power of at least 0.5 W. Otherwise, while charging the capacitor when turning on the device, it may burn out.
Capacitor C1 must have a capacity in microfarads equal to the power of the entire charger in watts. The basic circuit of the converter is the same as in the previous version, with transistor VT1. To limit the current, an emitter with a current sensor based on resistor R4, diode VD3 and transistor VT2 is used.
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Simple electronic circuit
The basis of many modern chargers are the simplest pulse circuits of blocking generators, containing only one high-voltage transistor. They are compact in size and capable of delivering the required power. These devices are completely safe to use, since any malfunction leads to a complete absence of voltage at the output. This prevents high unstabilized voltage from entering the load.
The rectification of the alternating voltage of the network is carried out by the diode VD1. Some circuits include an entire diode bridge of 4 elements. The current pulse is limited at the moment of switching on by resistor R1 with a power of 0.25 W. In case of overload, it simply burns out, protecting the entire circuit from failure.
To assemble the converter, a conventional flyback circuit based on transistor VT1 is used. More stable operation is ensured by resistor R2, which starts generation at the moment of power supply. Additional generation support comes from capacitor C1. Resistor R3 limits the base current during overloads and power surges.
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How to fix the charging socket on a phone or tablet?
There are two ways to solve the problem:
- Take the device for repair.
- Try to fix it yourself.
The first option is the most reliable. Only professionals can properly repair the charging socket. It would be even better to contact a specialized service center, where the technicians understand the features of your brand of devices.
Self-repair at home is strictly not recommended, since this is beyond the capabilities of a beginner. But so that you know approximately what replacing a socket is all about, a brief guide is given below. To work you will need:
- Set of small screwdrivers.
- Tweezers.
- Knife (stationery or kitchen).
- Soldering iron and its accessories.
The job of replacing the socket goes like this:
- Unscrew the screws and remove the body by prying it off with a knife.
- The soldering iron must be grounded, and then solder the negative wire. We bring the second end to the body of the soldering iron. This will protect the device from static electricity shock.
- Next, you need to unsolder all the wires from the socket to prevent a short circuit.
- We remove the retaining screws from the board, thereby opening access to the USB connector.
- We take out the burnt socket and replace it with a new one.
- Now you need to assemble the gadget in reverse order.
- The final stage is to check the functionality of the phone and charging socket.
There is no guarantee that both the socket and the phone will be working properly after this method. Do not take risks if you are not confident in your abilities and if you value your gadget.
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How to make a portable charger with your own hands
Wireless charging has even greater capabilities. USB cables may stop working, break, or break. And then the charging process becomes problematic again.
The principle of operation is based on the transfer of current from a coil that creates a magnetic field inside the charger to a coil in the phone that is the receiver. As soon as the receiver itself is within the coverage area of the conductor, pulses of electromagnetic waves begin to be transmitted from device to device.
Of course, with all its convenience, there are also negative aspects of such charging:
- Frequent use of wireless charging can negatively affect the phone's battery capacity;
- lack of any official studies on the effects on humans and animals;
- the time it takes to fully charge a mobile phone battery will be longer than with conventional wired charging;
- you cannot use the phone while it is charging - if you take it from the stand, the process will be interrupted;
- if something is done incorrectly, for example, the wrong power is selected, then the gadget’s battery may become unusable;
- Often, when using wireless charging, the back cover of the phone overheats greatly, which negatively affects the life of the gadget and its performance.
The situation can be complicated by the fact that not all models support wireless charging. In this case, you will have to make not only a transmitter, but also a receiver that fits under the phone body. However, if the phone has such a function, then there should be no problems.
Devices for wireless charging are not cheap. But you can always make them yourself.
For this you will need:
- copper wire, diameter 1 mm (several meters, 25 turns);
- frame (5-7 cm);
- glue;
- soldering iron and related equipment;
- capacitor;
- 10 Ohm and 1 K resistor (2 pcs);
- transistor;
- mobile phone charger to power the transmitter.
So, let's start assembling a wireless phone charger.
- The copper wire needs to be wound in a spiral; you only need to make 25 turns. From the start of unwinding, leave a tail 5 cm long (we consider it a “plus”).
- During the wrapping process, lubricate the spiral with glue so that it holds its shape. At the end of the process, let it dry. Glue can be replaced with varnish.
- Assembling the pulse generator. We do everything according to the plan.
- We connect the coil.
The finished transmitter can be placed in any housing; it is only important that the walls are thin and do not interfere with the transmission of pulses.
If your phone model does not support wireless charging, then the next step is to fix it.
To do this you need to use:
- capacitors for 10n, 100n and 10u;
- diode;
- Voltage regulator;
- wire 30 turns, diameter 0.4 mm;
- soldering iron;
- glue.
We also begin assembly by winding the wire into a reel. Now there should be 30 turns. They also need to be lubricated with glue or varnish during the process to secure them. Then we assemble the receiver itself, focusing on the diagram below.
Next, you need to place the resulting receiver in the phone body and solder “+” and “-” to the corresponding connector wires to enable charging in the phone. It is important to do this very carefully so as not to damage anything. The branching of wires in gadgets can be seen in the picture below. Pay attention to the leftmost and rightmost wiring.
When everything is ready, you need to connect your made transmitter to the network and bring the phone as close to it as possible. The voltage and, accordingly, the charging speed depend on this.
When you place your phone within range of the battery you created, it should begin charging. You don’t need to connect anything separately and you don’t need to make any settings on your phone. If nothing works, then most likely you connected the wires poorly somewhere. Therefore, it is recommended to check the operation of devices before placing them under enclosures.
Another way to create a wireless charger with your own hands is presented in the video
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Something new? No, the long-known “old”
When I first saw wireless charging, I thought that manufacturers had made a breakthrough by discovering some new technology. Fortunately, there is the Internet, which told me the truth. In fact, the advent of wireless energy transmission was made possible by the discovery of André Marie Ampere's law, which proved that electric current produces a magnetic field.
And this happened, for a moment, almost 200 years ago. In subsequent years, a number of scientists confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves, and Nikola Tesla devoted years of his life to studying the possibility of transmitting energy over a distance. Using electromagnetic induction, the physicist was able to light an incandescent lamp from a distance.
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Making a homemade USB cable
In a similar way, you can make your own homemade cable of any length and the price will be much cheaper than buying a ready-made one. In the photo below you can see the result. The length of this cable is 2 meters, and the throughput does not differ from the original cable up to 1 meter long.
Construction and details
I express my gratitude to Sergei Sokolov for his help in finding the design components!
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are made of foil-coated fiberglass laminate with a thickness of 1 mm. The dimensions of the PP were selected based on the dimensions of the purchased case.
All elements of the circuit, except the battery, are placed on two printed circuit boards. Moreover, on the smaller one there is only a Mini USB connector for connecting an external charger.
The power supply units were placed in a standard Z-34 polystyrene housing. This is the most expensive part of the design, for which we had to pay $2.5.
The power switch pos. 2 and the forced power button pos. 3 are hidden flush with the outer surface of the case to avoid accidental pressing.
The Mini USB connector is located on the rear wall of the case, and the USB connector pos. 4 together with indicators pos. 5 and pos.6 to the front.
The size of the printed circuit boards is designed to fix the batteries in the body of the portable power supply. Between the batteries and other structural elements, a 0.5 mm thick electrical cardboard gasket, bent in the shape of a box, is inserted.
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And this is a portable power supply unit in assembled form. Drag the image with the mouse to view the power supply from different angles.
Prologue
The idea to build this design was inspired by a flight on an Airbus A380 aircraft, in which there is a USB connector under the armrest of each seat, designed to power USB-compatible devices. But such luxury is not available on all planes, and even more so it cannot be found on trains and buses. And I have long dreamed of rewatching the series “Friends” from beginning to end. So why not kill two birds with one stone - watch the series and brighten up your travel time.
An additional incentive to build this device was the discovery of deposits of powerful lithium-ion batteries.
