Hi all.
The goal of this project was to create a high-voltage generator, and at the same time an induction heater of significant power, and a very simple circuit and easily accessible components should be used. Many beginners are looking for a way to effectively increase the power of conventional two-transistor ZVS and this publication will help with this. Mazzilli's inverter, known as the "ZVS", is popular among HV enthusiasts due to its simplicity and efficiency. The circuit we present here is a modification of it to transmit more power.
As for the theoretical description of the operation of the inverter, quite a few articles have already been devoted to it on the Internet, which comprehensively explain both theory and practice.
High voltage converter circuit
Let's assemble everything on a breadboard without soldering.
I’ll just show you the work, and if you like it, you can transfer it to a more reliable board and solder all the elements. Connecting a transistor, if anyone doesn’t know. We need to wind the transformer winding. The high-voltage winding will be original. We take a regular, not very thin wire and wind it with 14-16 turns. We will make a tap in the middle of the winding. Now we connect everything to our circuit. The last thing to do is connect the power. Be careful as you are working with high voltage. Do not put your hands near the switched on transformer. Make a distance of approximately 1 cm between the high voltage output of the transformer and the terminals of the other side. And only then serve food. If it sparks, it means the generator is excited and everything works fine. If you will use it for a long time, it is advisable to install the transistor on the radiator. And if the spark is small, then you can increase the voltage to 10 or 15 V.
Video of work
This compact cylindrical converter is capable of delivering up to 400 kV.
It can be used as a shock device to scare away dogs... or people! Also, based on this module, it is possible to create a compact electronic lighter, which is now so popular. This boost converter is capable of punching up to 20 mm of air, which, you see, is quite a lot. The current consumption is quite high, can reach several amperes - stock up on a powerful energy source. With an input voltage of 3-7.2V, this module outputs 200,000V high voltage at some frequency. The converter can be used to demonstrate the action of high voltage, a negative ion generator and for any scientific experiments as a high voltage source. At 4.2 V and an electrode distance of 3 mm, the current consumption was 2.9 A, while the output frequency was very high. At a distance of 23 mm, which is slightly larger than stated at U = 4.5 V, the current came out to 3 A. But this step-up converter could not handle 25 mm, only the contacts sparked. Naturally, the passage of current through the air is accompanied by a loud crackling sound (the greater the distance, the lower the frequency), which, to put it mildly, excites. It is recommended to use two banks of lithium-ion batteries connected in series with a capacity of at least 2000 mA*h or 5-6 NiMH/NiCd rechargeable batteries for power supply. Despite its impressive power, the dimensions of this boost module are more than modest: 24 by 64 mm.
Iron Induction Heater
This circuit, like any such resonant converter, can be used as a small induction heater for metals. To do this, simply assemble an inductor in the form of a small coil, connected in parallel with a resonant bank of 2-4 uF capacitors. This is what heating the metal looks like:
Rules for performing winding movements
The high-voltage stun gun module requires that the primary type of transformer winding be wound. A wire length of 0.5 mm is folded in half. The optimal diameter is from 0.4 to 0.7 mm. You will need to wind at least 8 turns and bring the other end of the wires out.
We insulate the wound winding using several layers of fluoroplastic or transparent tape. A piece of stranded wire placed in thick insulation is soldered to a thin wire, the thickness of which is no more than 0.05 mm.
We insulate the places where soldering was done using heat shrink. We take out the wire and fix it with hot glue so as not to accidentally break it during the winding process.
We wind the primary winding, 100-120 turns, alternating it with several layers of insulation. By its principle, winding is simple: a row - from left to right, a second - from right to left, with insulation between them. We repeat this 10 to 12 times.
After the winding is completed, the wires are cut off, stranded high-voltage wires and heat shrink are soldered to them. Everything is fixed with several layers of transparent tape and the transformer is assembled.
If you don’t want to wind the turns for so long, you can purchase ready-made modules in Chinese online stores at a very affordable price or make a high-voltage module yourself.
How does decoding work?
Content delivery within digital television is carried out directly in encrypted form. To unlock this signal, you will need a code that is changed by the provider directly according to the given algorithm.
The transfer is carried out from a decoding smart card, which is issued by the provider directly when purchasing the service.
Channels that were specially paid for, as well as those included in the tariff plan, will be unblocked in the future.
Other channels will remain directly closed. To unlock, you additionally need to take care of special tuners.
These signals are received for cable TV in the DVB-C/DVB-C2 standard, while for satellite TV it is DVB-S/DVB-S2.
Improving Models
There are many similar inventions, but their power is not high enough. To charge a phone, you need at least 2 W at the output of such a motor for an old model of a mobile device and at least 5 W for a modern smartphone.
Where can I get a high-voltage module with good power? Let's try to do it ourselves. We will select a convenient rotation handle for the stepper, and connect all the wire leads according to the diagram. The resulting DC outputs will go to the wattmeter and to the load, which is selected for this engine and the speed according to the optimal parameters.
What kind of power can be developed on a large stepper motor at a speed of 120 per minute? Let's start the experiment. The wattmeter shows 0.8 W at a voltage of 6 volts and a current of 0.11–0.12 amperes. At faster rotations, the peak figure reaches 1 ampere, but this is at very fast speeds.
Therefore, such a device requires improvement. You need a converter that increases the speed by 3-4 times so that you can successfully charge your phone while traveling.
For this, a commutator motor is used. You can make a belt drive for this engine to increase its speed by 3 times. The result is an installation with a pulley diameter that is 3 times larger than that installed on the stepper motor. Now such a device will rotate 3 times faster, which will allow it to reach 2–2.2 W. In this case, the voltage is 17 volts, the current is 0.12-0.13 amperes. This power is already more significant. If the device is mounted on a table, turning the handle is quite simple.
The higher the rpm, the more useful power the generator can produce.
Principle of operation
In appearance, an industrial stun gun can be straight or L-shaped. None of these forms are better or worse. It all depends on the user's preferences. Some people buy straight ESAs to gain freedom of movement due to the increased length. Others believe that it is easier to touch the enemy with an L-shaped device.
The operation of the ESA is based on converting the existing voltage to 50-110 thousand volts and forming an arc capable of breaking through a layer of clothing. For optimal effects, the correct high-voltage pulse is required to strike muscle tissue and cause a state of shock and disorientation.
The principle of operation of the standard scheme:
- current from the battery flows to the converter, the output is approximately 2 thousand volts;
- rectification is carried out by a diode bridge, and a capacitor protects from voltage surges;
- to prevent the capacitor from breaking down and overcharging, a resistor is placed in front of it;
- when the optimal charge level is reached on the capacitor, the current flows into the high-voltage transformer, in the secondary winding the voltage reaches almost a hundred kilovolts, the air penetrates about 3 cm (this is enough if a person is wearing winter clothes).
The transformer at the input is two-winding, stable operation is ensured by transistors and a choke. To dampen pulses at the output, the high-voltage transformer for the shocker is supplemented with diodes.
Upon contact with the skin, the arc is converted into alternating voltage. The frequency is calculated specifically. It should cause the muscles to contract overactively, minimizing their ability to move. The impulses running in parallel block the nerve fibers the brain uses to control muscles.
If you don’t want to wind a high-voltage transformer or at least a coil, the best option is considered to be a converter from the car’s xenon headlight power supply.
Missing ci cam module and other errors - how to solve problems
Missing cam module
It is enough to check whether the “General Interface” menu item is active. This is done as follows.
For models presented in the F, H, J series (2013-2015), you will need to enter the “Broadcast” menu, and through it select the “General Interface” item.
For series C, D, E (2010-2012), it will be enough to enter the menu called “System”, and then go to the “General Interface” menu. If this item is inactive, you will need to disconnect the TV from the power supply.
Afterwards the adapter and model are reconnected. However, if this is possible, you will need to connect another module to perform the check.
Scrambled channels
When the function is active, but the channels will not be decoded, you will need to perform a similar channel adjustment procedure.
Finally, if necessary, you will need to contact the service center to clarify the correct information.
Description
The high voltage module is a block with 4 wires, 2 of which are needed to connect the power. As you can see, nothing complicated.
If you need a high-voltage module, you can purchase it from an online store or make it yourself. The finished device runs on AA lithium batteries with 3.6 to 6 volts at the input. The output can produce a power of 400 volts.
The high voltage generator has 4 wires. To check the quality of your purchase, you can take a 3.7-volt lithium-ion battery module. According to the parameters, a spark should fly up to 2 cm between the electrodes.
Such work must be done especially carefully. Disconnect the wires of the high-voltage module and connect them to the battery. When power is applied, a sound effect in the form of a whistle is noted. A discharge will also occur, the impact length of which is 1.5-2 cm.
Advantages of using a cam module for TV
The main advantage is that when there is a built-in cam module, the amount of necessary equipment for broadcasting television is minimal.
Then you will not need a set-top box for receiving digital TV, as well as a tuner used to broadcast satellite television.
The advantages also include:
- Reducing the equipment used, taking into account the fact that the TV cam module takes up a lot of space.
- There is no need for an additional outlet through which a tuner or set-top box is connected.
- You can easily use one control panel; you don’t need a second one, as happens when broadcasting television with a set-top box.
- No other cables are used to provide broadcasting.
- There are no other blocks, the presence of which can greatly affect the quality of the picture and sound.
- There is no need to shell out a lot of money to purchase additional equipment.
- Easy to set up and connect.
How it works
It is planned to place a smart card in the CAM module for subsequent decoding, which is provided by the satellite or cable television provider.
Smart card and cam module for TV from satellite TV operator MTS
The module will not work without this card, given the fact that all data relevant for decryption is located directly on this element. The presence of this card constitutes access to paid material provided by the service provider.
Do all TVs come with a cam module?
As a rule, the CAM module is included directly with the TV. But it can be noted that not all TVs are equipped with this device.
If a modular element is missing, it will need to be purchased separately in the future. Alternatively, service providers will be able to provide this equipment directly with the service itself. However, it is often offered for rent for very little money.
Like Tricolor module
Transformer winding process
Highly functional industrial shockers are expensive. They can be purchased by anyone over 18 years of age, but the law allows the use of devices with a power of up to 3 W. High voltage does not matter, since it only pierces clothing. Low power turns an industrial device into a useless toy (except for “police” models). That is why you have to look for the answer to the question of where to get or how to wind a high-voltage transformer for a shocker with your own hands.
Making a stun gun: preparation
Electroshock devices can be very powerful. The law allows the use of devices up to 3 Watts, which are not capable of causing serious harm to health, but guarantee a fairly strong electric shock and burns.
The device diagram is as follows:
- power supply;
- boost converter;
- high voltage voltage multiplier.
You can use a regular lithium-ion battery of compact size, or better yet, a lithium iron phosphate battery. It has a lower capacity for the same weight, and the nominal voltage is 3.2 volts versus 3.7 volts for the lithium-ion variant.
This device has many advantages:
- With its own capacity of only 700 mA/hour, it is capable of delivering currents of 30-50 A.
- Has a service life of 10-15 years.
- Capable of operating at temperatures down to -30 degrees without loss of capacity and other negative consequences.
- Environmentally friendly, safe, does not swell or explode.
- Loses capacity much more slowly.
- Not so sensitive to charger parameters, can be charged with high currents without overheating.
For the converter, you can use a ready-made model from China. Or make it yourself. The most important thing in such a device is the transformer. It can be taken from the standby source of a non-working computer power supply. It is desirable that it be of an elongated type, which will facilitate the winding process.
Device test
The next part of the voltage multiplier is high-voltage diodes and capacitors, which can be taken from a computer power supply. Diodes are also needed of the high-voltage type. Their voltage should be from 4 kW. Such items can also be purchased in online stores.
The case can be a box from a flashlight or player, but it must be made of dielectric material: plastic, bakelite, fiberglass.
It is recommended to fill the multiplier with a high-voltage converter with epoxy resin, molten wax or hot melt adhesive. The latter can severely deform the case if it is not placed in a container with cold water.
Electrodes can be taken from a regular plug. The shocker is equipped with a safety switch to protect against accidental activation. To activate the device, remove it from the fuse. The indicator LED lights up, then press the button.
The high-voltage module—voltage converter—successfully demonstrates functionality in a stun gun. The charger is built on the basis of a microcircuit, where a voltage of 5 volts is supplied to the input of the module, and 3.6 volts at the output. This charging allows you to power the device from any USB port.
Using solder, you can make protective spark gaps that limit the arc length for the safe operation of a high-voltage converter. The shocker is ready.
